spot between eye and upper edge of gill cover. low and white; black marks behind eye, at base of pectoral fin, and nets; difficult to catch with pole and line,.
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65GOATFISH Goatfish are bottom-feeding carnivores,easily recognized by the pair of barbels under their jaws which are used to locate food. Tucked under the sides of the jaw when not in use, the barbels may not be immediately apparent. Goatfish are com- mon in inshore waters, and are among the most popular food fish in Hawaii.KümüParupeneus porphyreusWhitesaddle goatfishDescription: Juveniles greenish with red fins, body coloration becomes brick red with age; white saddle behind soft dorsal fin; dark stripe running through eye from near snout to below first dorsal fin, darker spot between eye and upper edge of gill cover.Size: Length up to 20 inches; weight gen- erally up to 5 poundsHabitat: Various depths throughout reef areas, especially under coral headsFeeding: Nocturnal; mostly crustaceans Schooling: Small groups by day, solitary at nightFishing methods: Spear, trap, net, hand- line, pole and lineSeasonality: Young kümü common on inshore reefs throughout spring and sum- mer; adults common year roundKümü are extremely prized fish in Hawaii;the flesh is considered a delicacy.Endemic to Hawaii.MaluParupeneus pleurostigmaSidespot goatfishDescription: Body light, whitish to pink; black spot on side below rear of first dor- sal fin, followed by large oval white area.Size: Length up to 16 inches; weight gen- erally up to 2 poundsHabitat: Sandy patches adjacent to coral, from nearshore to depths of about 120 feetFeeding: Diurnal; small worms, crus- taceansSchooling: Adults solitary; juveniles small groupsFishing methods: Handline, spear, trap, netMoanoParupeneus multifasciatusManybar goatfishDescription: Reddish with shades of yel- low and white; black marks behind eye, at base of pectoral fin, and black saddle areas in front of first dorsal fin, between dorsal fins, below soft dorsal fin, and in front of tail; deepness of color varies with light intensity, becoming lighter in bright light.Size: Length up to 14 inches; weight gen- erally up to 1 poundHabitat: Rocky areas, sandy bottoms near coral headsFeeding: Diurnal; crustaceans, small fish Schooling: Solitary or small groups Fishing methods: Handline, trap, spear, pole and lineMoano keaParupeneus cyclostomusMoana kali, blue goatfishDescription: Bluish-purple, with promi- nent yellow saddle at base of tail; slender body, long snout and long barbels.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 5 poundsHabitat: Rocky or reef areas, from nearshore to depth of about 200 feetFeeding: Diurnal; small fish, crustaceans Schooling: Adults small groups; juveniles solitaryFishing methods: Handline, spear, trap, net, pole and lineMunuParupeneus bifasciatusDoublebar goatfish, Joe LouisDescription: Reddish to yellowish-gray; black triangular saddle under each dorsal fin and near tail.Size: Length up to 16 inches; weight gen- erally up to 3 poundsHabitat: Rocky areas, especially lava rocks, from nearshore to about 150 feetFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; small fish, crustaceansSchooling: Solitary or small groups Fishing methods: Handline, spear, trap, net, pole and lineWeke ‘ä, ‘oamaMulloides flavolineatusWhite weke, yellowstripe goatfishDescription: Silvery white; yellow band extends from eye to tail when schooling; band becomes less distinct when feeding, and a black spot appears below first dor- sal fin; very slender body compared with most other goatfish.Size: Length up to 18 inches; weight gen- erally up to 2 poundsHabitat: Sandy bottom areas near coral patches; shallow water (to about 100 feet)Feeding: Nocturnal and diurnal; crus- taceans, wormsSchooling: Schools by day Fishing methods: ‘Oama (juveniles) taken by pole and line; adults by net, trap, pole and line, spearSeasonality: ‘Oama commonly found in shallow sandy areas during late summer; adult weke common year round‘Oama make excellent bait for papio andother predators, and are highly sought by shoreline fishermen.Weke ‘ula, ‘oamaMulloides vanicolensisRed weke, yellowfin goatfishDescription: Light pink with yellow hues; long yellow band extending from eye to base of tail; fish becomes reddish when dead; inner lining of abdomen is black.Size: Length up to 16 inches; weight gen- erally up to 2 poundsHabitat: Reef areas, generally in depths from 20-200 feetFeeding: Nocturnal; small worms and crustaceansSchooling: Large schools during the day; solitary or small groups at night when feeding
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66Fishing methods: Mostly net and trap Seasonality: Juveniles, known as ‘oama, common offshore in late summer; adults common year roundWeke nonoMulloides pflugeriWeke ‘ula, moelua, Pfluger’s goatfishDescription: Red with vertical orange- yellow bands when alive; color changes to uniform red when dead; inner lining of abdominal cavity white; fairly robust com- pared with most other goatfish.Size: Length up to 24 inches; weight gen- erally up to 8 poundsHabitat: Sand patches and limestone bot- toms, usually 60-300 feetFeeding: Diurnal; small fish and crus- taceansSchooling: Small groups or large schools Fishing methods: Handline, trap, spear Weke pueoUpeneus spp.Nightmare weke, bandtail goatfishDescription: Light greenish above, fading to white below; black and white horizontal stripes on tail.Size: Length up to 12 inches Habitat: Shallow sandy or muddy bottoms Feeding: Diurnal; crustaceans and small fishSchooling: Small groups Fishing methods: Pole and line, net, spearWeke pueo should be prepared and eatenwith care, since the head may cause hallu- cinations and other symptoms of poisoning if consumed.SURGEONFISHSurgeonfish (tangs) have blade-like spines on either side of the base of the tail, which are sometimes used defensively by the fish. (Fishermen have suffered cuts on their account, so surgeonfish should always be handled with care.) Surgeon- fish are very common in inshore waters, feeding primarily by day, and at night rest- ing on the bottom in a sleep-like state. Because they are mostly plant eaters, having small mouths and specialized teeth, most surgeonfish are difficult to catch with hook and line.KalaNaso unicornisBluespine unicornfishDescription: Dusky olive, with light blue on the fins and around the caudal spines; horn protruding from front of head about eye level (lengthens with age). A similar species, Naso brevirostris, is grayishgreen with numerous small spots or dark lines on the sides, and a body that is less deep. Kala have two fixed caudal spines on each side.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 8 poundsHabitat: Inshore reef areas and along rocky shoresFeeding: Diurnal; algae, especially more leafy varietiesSchooling: Schools; large adults some- times found singly at edge of reefFishing methods: Net, spear, pole and lineKoleCtenochaetus strigosusGoldring surgeonfishDescription: Dark brown with about 35 light blue horizontal lines extending into the fins, small blue spots on the head, bright yellow ring around the eye; single retractable caudal spine on each side.Size: Length up to 7 inches; weight gen- erally up to 1⁄2poundHabitat: Inshore reef areas, and depths of 150 feet or more Feeding: Diurnal, small bits of algae and decaying plant materialSchooling: Solitary Fishing methods: Spear ManiniAcanthurus triostegus sandvicensisConvict tangDescription: Silvery, may have yellowish tinge; six black vertical bars, the first pass- ing through the eye and the last near the base of the tail; single small retractable caudal spine on each side.Size: Length up to 12 inches; weight gen- erally up to 3⁄4poundHabitat: Most reef areas, from shore to depths of about 90 feetFeeding: Diurnal; mostly fine algae Schooling: Large schools, but also seen singly or in small schoolsFishing methods: Net, spear Manini are the most abundant surgeonfishin Hawaii.Endemic to Hawaii.‘Opelu kala Naso hexacanthusSleek unicornfishDescription: Color varies from dark brown to pale blue, with a dark blue tail fin; two fixed caudal spines on each side.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 3 poundsHabitat: Deeper waters outside reef; not common in waters less than 30 to 50 feetFeeding: Diurnal; plankton, including crab larvae and small wormsSchooling: Large schools Fishing methods: Spear, net, pole and line
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67PalaniAcanthurus dussumieriEyestripe surgeonfishDescription: Yellowish brown with black spots, bright blue tail fin, fine blue lines on body fading towards belly, yellow dorsal and anal fins, yellow band between and behind the eyes; single white retractable caudal spine on each side, surrounded by a patch of black.Size: Length up to 18 inches or more; weight generally up to 3 poundsHabitat: Mostly bays and outer reef areas over sandy patches, usually at depths of at least 10 feetFeeding: Diurnal; algae and decaying plant materialSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Spear, trap PualuAcanthurus spp.Ringtail surgeonfish, yellowfin surgeonfishDescription: Purplish gray, sometimes with irregular dark stripes along the sides, dorsal and anal fins have horizontal blue bands, yellow spot between eye and top of gill cover; single black retractable caudal spine on each side.Size: Length up to 20 inches or more; weight generally up to 5 poundsHabitat: Bays and harbors; also deep outer reefs with sandy patches, usually at depths of 30 feet or moreFeeding: Diurnal; mostly algae, but often hooked with animal material as baitSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Spear, net, handline WRASSESWrasses make up the largest family offishes in Hawaii. Nearly 50 species are known to exist here, but only a few are popular with fishermen. Males and females of the same species frequently have different colorations, and wrasses are known to undergo sex conversions from female to male. Coloration changes as the fish gets older.‘A‘awaBodianus bilunulatusHawaiian hogfish, table bossDescription: Juveniles (up to 4 inches) whitish with reddish brown horizontal lines and large black spot between soft dorsal and anal fins; as fish grows older spot dis- appears and black saddle forms at rear of dorsal fin; females white with brown hori- zontal lines in front, shading to yellow near tail; males wine-colored or purplish brown, and black saddle is faint or absent.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 4 poundsHabitat: Common throughout reef area, taken on bottom in shallow water out to depths of about 100 feet or moreFeeding: Diurnal; small fish, crustaceans, molluscs, sea urchinsSchooling: Solitary Fishing methods: Handline, spear, pole and lineHinälea lauwili Thalassoma duperrey Saddle wrasseDescription: Green with vertical purple- red bars, purplish blue head and wide orange saddle surrounding body just behind head; saddle not apparent on juve- niles.Size: Length up to 1 foot; weight general- ly up to 1⁄2poundHabitat: Very abundant along shallow rocky shorelines and reef areasFeeding: Diurnal; seaweed, crustaceans Schooling: Solitary or small aggregate Fishing methods: Pole and line, handline Generally an incidental catch; food valueconsidered poor, often used as bait.Endemic to HawaiiLaenihiXyrichtys umbrilatusBlackside razorfish, nabetaDescription: Blue-green or grayish body with faint vertical crossbands, one dark scale on either side below front of dorsal fin, yellow stripe on anal fin.Size: Length up to 15 inches; weight gen- erally up to 2 poundsHabitat: Sandy areas at depths of 60 to 300 feet, generally within a few hundred yards of the shorelineFeeding: Diurnal; crustaceans Schooling: Solitary Fishing methods: Handline Considered an excellent food fish. Endemic to Hawaii.Po‘ouOxycheilinus unifasciatusRingtail wrasseDescription: Color varies with age; at 10 inches the fish is plain olive green with white saddle near tail; fish 20 inches and over have no white saddle, but show black spots at base of dorsal and anal fins, and have dark pelvic fins.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 2 poundsHabitat: Reef and rocky areas at depths of up to 40 or 50 feetFeeding: Diurnal; fish and crustaceans Schooling: Solitary Fishing methods: Handline, spear
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68‘Ama‘ama, puaMugil cephalusStriped mulletDescription: Body silver with grayish- green above changing to white below, red- dish tinge around mouth and gills. A simi- lar species, Chelon engeli (summer or Australian mullet), is smaller than the amaama, growing to a length of about 8 inches, and has slightly larger scales.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 5 poundsHabitat: Calm waters close to shore, around mouths of streams and inlets, and brackish bays and harborsFeeding: Diurnal; algae and small plants, especially along bottom.Schooling: Schools Fishing methods: Generally taken with nets; difficult to catch with pole and line, but will take a hook baited with thin sea- weed or breadSeasonality: Spawns December through FebruaryUouoaNeomyxus leuciscusSharpnose mulletDescription: Grayish back, changing to silver on the sides, white belly; yellow spot present at base of pectoral fins; snout more pointed than amaama.Size: Length up to 16 inches; weight gen- erally up to 11⁄2poundsHabitat: Sandy shores, tide pools, rocky surge areasFeeding: Diurnal; seaweed, some crus- taceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Net Seasonality: More common November through MarchKäküSphyraena barracudaGreat barracudaDescription: Greyish back turning silvery on sides and belly, with irregular black flecks on sides.Size: Length up to 6 feet; weight general- ly up to 70 poundsHabitat: Various, inshore and offshore; juveniles prefer brackish water areas, bays and stream mouthsFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; fish and squidSchooling: Generally solitary Fishing methods: Generally caught cast- ing from shore, trolling lures and baits, and handlining from boats. Prominent sharp teeth make a wire leader essential, and the fish should be regarded with caution.Kawale‘äSphyraena helleriHeller’s barracudaDescription: Silvery olive above, becom- ing silvery on sides and belly; sides marked with two horizontal yellowish stripes which disappear after death. Smaller than kaku, with more slender head and larger eyes.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 4 poundsHabitat: Inshore to depths of 50 to 200 feetFeeding: Nocturnal; small fish Schooling: Large schools Fishing methods: Mostly handline Ta‘apeLutjanus kasmiraBluestripe snapperDescription: Bright lemon yellow with four pale-blue horizontal stripes edged with lavender or deep purple.Size: Length up to 15 inches; weight gen- erally up to 11⁄2poundsHabitat: Hard bottom areas, generally in waters 40 to over 300 feet deepFeeding: Primarily nocturnal; shrimp and other crustaceans, squid, and small fishSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Generally taken at night with handlines; some taken in traps or nets; occasionally by pole and line near shore and by spearIntroduced 1958 and 1961 fromMarquesas Islands and Society IslandsTo‘auLutjanus fulvusBlacktail snapperDescription: Dusky yellow above fading to pale yellow or white below, six or more thin horizontal yellow stripes along side; dorsal fin reddish, tail fin blackish with red- dish tinge and white margin; other fins yel- low.Size: Length up to 13 inches; weight gen- erally up to 3 poundsHabitat: Inshore, brackish water and around stream mouths out to waters about 40 or 50 feet in depthFeeding: Nocturnal; crustaceans, espe- cially crabs, and small fishSchooling: Solitary or small school Fishing methods: Handline, pole and line, trap, spearIntroduced 1956 and 1958 from SocietyIslandsMULLETBARRACUDASNEARSHORE SNAPPERS
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69WahanuiAphareus furcaSmalltooth jobfish, gurutsuDescription: Uniform steel blue or pur- plish, with yellow border on anal fin.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 2 poundsHabitat: Open water, generally just out- side or above reefFeeding: Diurnal; small fish and crus- taceansSchooling: Solitary or small school Fishing methods: Pole and line, hand- line, spear‘AhaBelonidaeNeedlefishDescription: Blue green on back, fading to silvery below; jaws long and pointed, with sharp teeth.Size: Length depends on species, 15 inches to more than 4 feet; weight gener- ally up to 5 poundsHabitat: Near surface in waters of various depths from nearshore to open oceanFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; small fish near the surface, floating crabsSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Pole and line Aha can be dangerous at night; they areattracted to lights and have been known to spear people.ÄholeholeKuhlia sandvicensisHawaiian flagtailDescription: Silvery, with blue tones on back, fins often dusky tipped.Size: Length up to 12 inches; weight gen- erally up to 1 poundOTHER REEF FISHESHabitat: Inshore areas, including streams, bays and along shoreline; generally found at depths less than 20 feet; juveniles live in tide pools or schools close to shoreFeeding: Mostly nocturnal; primarily crus- taceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Pole and line, cast nets, spearSeasonality: More taken during fall and winterEndemic to Hawaii‘Ala‘ihiSargocentron and Neoniphon spp.SquirrelfishDescription: Bright red, fading to lighter below in some species; sides marked with six or more light horizontal lines; most species take on prominent nocturnal col- oration, generally white spots or vertical bands.Size: Length up to 12 inches or more, depending on species; weight up to 5 pounds for largest speciesHabitat: Inshore reef areas, congregating in crevices and caves by day and foraging over the reef at nightFeeding: Nocturnal; crustaceans Schooling: Solitary or grouped, depend- ing on speciesFishing methods: Spear, handline, pole and line, trapAwaChanos chanosMilkfishDescription: Grayish green above, fading to silvery below.Size: Length up to 3 feet or more; most caught are around 18 to 24 inches; weight generally up to 40 poundsHabitat: Near surface in inshore areas, including brackish-water areas, bays and inletsFeeding: Diurnal; algae Schooling: Schools Fishing methods: Pole and line, net Seasonality: Generally more taken in summer monthsAwa‘auaElops hawaiensisHawaiian tenpounderDescription: Bright silvery, with blue- green hue on the dorsal area.Size: Length up to 3 feet or more; weight generally up to 12 poundsHabitat: Inshore areas, including bays and harbors, and along sandy shorelinesFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; small fish and crustaceansSchooling: Singly or in small schools Fishing methods: Pole and line, net ‘ÄweoweoPriacanthidaeBigeye, glasseyeDescription: Variable coloration, from deep red to silvery, or mottled silvery pink and red; fins often speckled with black; some species plain red by day.Size: Length depends on species, up to 20 inches; weight generally up to 3 poundsHabitat: Shallow reefs out to deep boul- der areasFeeding: Nocturnal; small fish and inver- tebratesSchooling: Solitary or schools Fishing methods: Pole and line, hand- line, spear, netKüpïpïAbudefduf sordidusBlackspot sergeantDescription: Grayish brown above fading to silvery below; sides marked with seven dark vertical bands; dark spot on upper side of caudal peduncle and at base of dorsal fin.Size: Length up to 9 inches; weight gen- erally up to 1 poundHabitat: Inshore reef and boulder areas; shallow rock crevices; juveniles common in tide pools
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70Feeding: Diurnal; algae, small crus- taceans and other invertebratesSchooling: Solitary or small schools Fishing methods: Pole and line, spear MamoAbudefduf abdominalisHawaiian sergeantDescription: Pale brassy or green with four or five black vertical bars; belly white with yellow tinge near anal fin.Size: Length up to 9 inches; weight gen- erally up to 3⁄4poundHabitat: Shallow water reefs, harbors and bays, from nearshore to edge of reefFeeding: Diurnal; small crustaceans, planktonSchooling: Loose aggregates Fishing methods: Pole and line, spear Endemic to HawaiiMoiPolydactylus sexfilisSix-fingered threadfinDescription: Dusky above, silvery on sides and belly, with numerous narrow wavy horizontal lines along sides; fins black-tipped; characterized by presence of six long filaments extending from base of each pectoral fin, and overhanging snout.Size: Length up to 24 inches; weight gen- erally up to 6 poundsHabitat: Generally found in sandy holes along rocky shorelines, or along sandy beaches in surge areasFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; primarily crustaceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Pole and line, net Seasonality: Spawn during summer months; from about May through August small moi (or moi-li‘i) occur in schools along beaches and in sheltered covesMuMonotaxis grandoculisBigeye emperorDescription: Olive gray above fading to silvery below; sides marked with four light vertical bands which fade as fish gets older; inside of mouth red.Size: Length up to 30 inches; weight gen- erally up to 5 poundsHabitat: Various reef areas, generally moving into shallower waters during eveningFeeding: Nocturnal; small mollusks and crustaceansSchooling: Solitary or loose aggregates Fishing methods: Pole and line, spear NenueKyphosus spp.Enenue, sea chub, rudderfishDescription: Gray brown with blue reflec- tions above, fading to lighter below; nar- row dark bands on sides between scale rows; some fish have irregular yellow blotches on sides, and on rare occasions a fish may be entirely yellow.Size: Length up to 24 inches; weight gen- erally up to 6 poundsHabitat: Rough and turbulent waters along rocky coastsFeeding: Diurnal; mostly algae Schooling: Schools Fishing methods: Spear, net, pole and lineNohuScorpaenopsis cacopsisScorpionfishDescription: Mottled camouflage col- oration, reddish brown with irregular white and yellow hues, fading to lighter below; spines venomous.Size: Length up to 20 inches or more; weight generally up to 5 poundsHabitat: Outer edges of reef in water over 20 feet deepFeeding: Diurnal; small fish and inverte- bratesSchooling: Solitary, sedentary Fishing methods: Spear, pole and line ‘Ö‘iöAlbula spp.BonefishDescription: Bright iridescent silver, with greenish tinge on dorsal area; elongate upper jaw.Size: Length generally up to about 18 inches; may reach over 40 inches; weight generally up to 16 poundsHabitat: Sandy bottoms, usually over sand patches or channels in reef areasFeeding: Generally nocturnal; crus- taceans, small fishSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Pole and line, net, handlineSeasonality: More taken December through AprilPäki‘iBothus spp.FlounderDescription: Brownish coloration with irregular mottling, lower surface white or tan; coloration changes to match sub- strate.Size: Length up to 16 inches; weight gen- erally up to 4 poundsHabitat: Sandy patches in shallow water Feeding: Diurnal; crustaceans and small fishSchooling: Solitary Fishing methods: Pole and line, spear
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72CARANGIDS(Jacks and their allies)Akule, halalü Selar crumenophthalmusBigeye scad, ajiDescription: Silvery blue above fading to silvery white below, yellow tail fin; very large eyes.Size: Length up to 15 inches; weight gen- erally up to 2 poundsHabitat: Mid- or surface waters along coast, or shallow banks near shoreFeeding: Nocturnal; small crustaceans Schooling: Large schools Fishing methods: Halalu (juveniles up to about 5 inches) taken with light tackle; akule are generally taken handlining at night, or by day with net or pole and lineSeasonality: Spawn from about March through October, at which time they form large schools in shallow water; halalu common about July to DecemberAn excellent food fish.KahalaSeriola dumeriliGreater amberjackDescription: Light metallic brown with purplish tinge; light yellow horizontal band extends from head to base of tail, fades after fish is caught; dark diagonal streak through eye.Size: Length up to 6 feet; weight general- ly up to 120 poundsHabitat: Deeper coastal waters, typically 60 to 600 feet or more; lives near bottom; young often found around floating objects at seaFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; fish and squidSchooling: Solitary or small school Fishing methods: Caught mostly by fish- ing over deep-sea ledges or drop offs; usually taken handlining offshore, but often come close enough to shore to be caught with baitcasting gear; occasionally by spear or trapKamanuElagatis bipinnulatusRainbow runnerDescription: Dark blue above followed in succession down side by light blue stripe, yellow stripe, another light blue stripe; yel- lowing silver below, yellow fins.Size: Length up to 4 feet; weight general- ly up to 10 poundsHabitat: Open water, usually near sur- face; may be found with other fish around floating objectsFeeding: Diurnal; fish and squid Schooling: Solitary or small school Fishing methods: Trolling with small lures or baits, by handline, or from shore with baitcasting gearConsidered an excellent food fish.LaiScomberoides lysanLeatherbackDescription: Slate blue above, fading to silvery below; fins may have yellowish tinge; leathery skin with small needle-like scales.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 2 poundsHabitat: Inshore coastal waters, sheltered bays and harbors, brackish water areas near mouths of streamsFeeding: Diurnal; smaller schooling fish- es, especially mullet and nehu, crus- taceansSchooling: Schools near the surface Fishing methods: Often caught by shore anglers casting bait or lures for young jacks; also by net; should be handled carefully because of sharp anal spinesNot widely sought after for food; skin isvalued for making trolling lures.‘ÖpeluDecapterus macarellusMackerel scadDescription: Bluish or greenish yellow above fading to silvery white below, dark spot on upper part of gill cover.Size: Length up to 20 inches; weight gen- erally up to 2 poundsHabitat: Near coast in surface and mid- water; juveniles school far out at seaFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; plankton, especially small crustaceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Caught by handline at night, and with special lift nets during the daySeasonality: Spawns from about March to the middle of August; juveniles enter coastal areas in late fall and winterConsidered an excellent food fish; alsopopular as bait and live chum for large tuna, marlin, and other predators.OmakaAtule mateYellowtail scadDescription: Silvery body with greenish yellow tinge, marked with 9 or 10 darker vertical bars; yellow tail, black spot behind eye on edge of gill cover.Size: Length up to one foot; weight gener- ally up to 3⁄4poundHabitat: Protected bays and estuaries; juveniles very abundant in fall around floating objects, especially jellyfish; not found in open seaFeeding: Diurnal; plankton, mostly small fish and crustaceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Mostly taken with light tackle from shore and piers; occasionally taken with netSeasonality: More common March to OctoberConsidered an excellent food fish.
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73ULUALike other carangids, ulua are fast-swim-ming predators, feeding on a variety of fish and crustaceans. Juveniles, known collec- tively as päpio, tend to live close to shore for protection, then move toward deeper waters as they get older. Ulua are extremely popular gamefish, and the flesh is very good to eat.Ulua aukeaCaranx ignobilisWhite ulua, giant trevallyDescription: Pale olive above with green- ish tinge around head, white sides, yellow anal fin; color varies to darker shades, depending on fish’s temperament and time of day; breast nearly scaleless except for patch of about 10 scales in middle.Size: Length over 5 feet; weight generally up to 120 poundsHabitat: Papio caught near shore, adult fish found over nearshore reefs; often hid- ing in caves during the dayFeeding: Nocturnal, but occasionally caught by day; fish, octopus, crustaceansSchooling: School; when large (over 30 pounds) generally solitary or in pairsFishing methods: Casting from rocky shores and ledges; handline, trap, spearSeasonality: Young common in summer, adults common year roundAn excellent food fish, the white ulua iswidely considered to be the ultimate shoreline gamefish.Ulua lä‘uliCaranx lugubrisBlack trevallyDescription: Dark brown, with almost black head; may tend toward a creamy or dusky shade; breast completely scaled, scutes distinct; definite notch above snout in profile.Size: Length over 3 feet Habitat: Outer reef channels Feeding: Nocturnal; fish and crustaceans Schooling: Form large schools when feedingFishing methods: Casting from rocky shores and ledgesSeasonality: Uncommon year round in main Hawaiian IslandsUlua kihikihi Alectis ciliaris Threadfin jack, kagami uluaDescription: Adults dusky white, often darker along dorsal area, with bluish, greenish, and yellowish hues; juveniles sil- very blue above and bright silver below, with a diamond shaped body and long trailing filaments extending from dorsal and anal fins; as fish gets older body becomes more elongate, and filaments begin to disappear.Size: Length up to 40 inches; weight gen- erally up to 40 poundsHabitat: Juveniles often found in harbors and other sheltered waters, upon reaching maturity move to deeper and more open water, often taken from depths of 60 to 200 feetFeeding: Diurnal; mostly crustaceans Schooling: Solitary or small school Fishing methods: Handline UluaUraspis helvolaCottonmouth jack, dobe uluaDescription: Dark dusky color, easily identified by looking inside mouth; tongue and roof of mouth are white, back of mouth and throat and gill areas are bluish black.Size: Length up to 20 inches; weight gen- erally up to 3 poundsHabitat: Dropoff areas, generally 100 to 200 feetFeeding: Nocturnal; small fish and crus- taceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Handline Pake uluaCaranx sexfasciatusBigeye trevally, menpachi ulua, sasaDescription: Dark blue-green to gold above, yellow-green to silver below, upper lobe of tail fin dark with black tip; juveniles have four to seven dark vertical bands.Size: Length usually under 3 feet; weight generally up to 15 poundsHabitat: Young fish found in brackish water areas out to deeper coastal waters; adult fish live along rocky shores in turbu- lent water over reefsFeeding: Nocturnal; fish and crustaceans Schooling: Solitary Fishing methods: Handline; juveniles taken with pole and lineSeasonality: More abundant spring to mid-summer‘ÖmiluCaranx melampygus Bluefin trevally, hoshi uluaDescription: Juveniles silvery blue above fading to silver below, with yellow pectoral fins; as fish ages bluish-black spots begin to appear all over, and body changes to neon blue; fins, especially first dorsal, also blue; breast completely scaled.Size: Length up to 3 feet; weight general- ly up to 20 poundsHabitat: Juveniles found in shallow bays and estuaries; medium sized fish (6 to 20 inches) taken over reefs; adults often move in close to shore by following chan- nels in coral reefs, swimming over the reef by dayFeeding: Mostly diurnal; small fish Schooling: Solitary or small groups Fishing methods: Usually taken with sur- fcasting gear; trolling, spear, net, handline, trap; juveniles taken with pole and lineAdultJuvenile
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74Ulua pa‘opa‘o Gnathanodon speciosusGolden trevallyDescription: Creamy yellow with silvery and bluish hues, marked by series of 8 to 12 darker greenish vertical bands; jaws of adults contain no teeth.Size: Length up to 3 feet; weight general- ly up to 10 poundsHabitat: Generally found in sandy chan- nels and bars close to shoreFeeding: Uncertain; fish and crustaceans Schooling: Small schools Fishing methods: Pole and line, net Seasonality: Uncommon year round UluaCarangoides orthogrammusYellowspot trevally, island jack, papaDescription: Silvery blue above fading to silvery white below, bluish and golden hues on fins; sides marked with a few lemon-colored round spots, which tend to fade as fish gets older.Size: Length up to 2 feet; weight general- ly up to 5 poundsHabitat: Near shore Feeding: Diurnal; small fish and crus- taceansSchooling: Solitary or small groups Fishing methods: Trolling, spear, pole and lineButaguchiPseudocaranx dentex Buta ulua, thicklipped jackDescription: Dark silver above fading to light silver below, dark spot at upper edge of gill cover; juveniles have yellow horizon- tal streak extending through eye and along side of body to base of tail; thick fleshy lips, pointed snout, and concave depres- sion in front of eyes.SCOMBRIDS(Tunas and their allies)Scombrids are carnivorous fishes that feedon squids, crustaceans and other small fishes. They have well-contoured torpedo- shaped bodies, the most perfect shape for high-speed swimming. The anterior dorsal fin can be completely tucked into a groove on the back. Scombrids often live in large schools, and many species are known to migrate over long distances.Size: Length up to 4 feet; weight general- ly up to 40 poundsHabitat: Bays and coastal waters Feeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; fish, crustaceans and octopusSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Handline ‘AhiThunnus albacaresYellowfin tunaDescription: Blackish blue above fading to white below; faint yellow stripe extends from eye to tail, soft dorsal and anal fins and finlets bright yellow; dorsal and anal fins lengthen with age.Size: Weight up to 300 pounds Habitat: Open water, generally found over deepwater banks and submarine ledge areas at depths to 1000 fathoms; young fish often travel near the surfaceFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; fish, squid and crustaceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Longline, pole and line, trolling, handlineSeasonality: Adults more abundant late spring through early fall; juveniles abun- dant fall and winter‘Ahi palaha Thunnus alalunga Albacore, tomboDescription: Blackish blue above fading to silvery below; long pectoral fins which extend beyond the soft dorsal and anal fins.Size: Weight up to 80 pounds or more, but few exceed 40 poundsHabitat: Open water, generally staying below 60 fathoms during the day, then moves close to surface by nightFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; fish, squid and crustaceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Longline, handline Seasonality: More abundant during sum- mer months‘Ahi po‘o nuiThunnus obesusBigeye tunaDescription: Blackish blue above fading to silvery below, yellowish finlets; closely resembles ahi, but has larger eyes.Size: Weight generally up to 150 pounds, but some have been known to reach 300 poundsHabitat: Open water, generally staying below 60 to 70 fathoms by day, then mov- ing closer to surface by nightFeeding: Diurnal and nocturnal; fish, squid and crustaceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Handline, longline Seasonality: More abundant late fall through late springAkuKatsuwonus pelamisSkipjack tunaDescription: Dark metallic blue above, light dusky blue below, with four or five dark purplish longitudinal stripes on side of belly.Size: Weight averages about 18 to 22 pounds during the summer, 5 to 12 pounds during the rest of the yearHabitat: Generally found in waters 100 fathoms and deeperFeeding: Diurnal; fish, squid and crus- taceansSchooling: Schools Fishing methods: Pole and line (aku boat type), trollingSeasonality: Taken year round, but most common during spring and summer
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