boiler designs. 11 Why use steam? 11. What is steam used for? 12. Where is steam used? 13 A generic steam system. 17 Types of industrial steam boilers.
124 pages
249 KB – 124 Pages
PAGE – 4 ============
Endress+Hauser Œ Steam Handbook 2Impressum Publisher Endress+Hauser Flowtec AG, CH-4153 Reinach/BL Editor in chief Thomas Stauss Editorial team Michael Carr, Dr. Rainer Höcker, Dr. Ian Roberts, Romeo Rocchetti, Oliver Seifert, Thomas Stauss, Phillip Stoor Illustrations Kodotec (Lörrach, Germany) Layout, set Beatrice Meyer Steam Handbook, 1st Edition 2017 © Copyright 2017 by: Endress+Hauser Flowtec AG, CH-4153 Reinach/BL All rights reserved. This work is copyright protected in its entirety. All use in breach of copyright laws without the express permission of the publisher in any form of electronic media is prohibited.
PAGE – 5 ============
3Contents 5 Foreword 5 What this document is about? 5 Who this document is for? 5 How to use the document? 7 A short history of boiler designs11 Why use steam? 11 What is steam used for? 12 Where is steam used? 13 A generic steam system 17 Types of industrial steam boilers 17 Coil steam generator (once through boiler) 19 Water-tube boiler 21 smoke-tube boilers) 24 Basic overview of boiler controls with reference to EN 12953 25 Water treatment 28 Level controls 29 Feedwater pump arrangements 30 Burners 33 Basic steam distribution 37 How steam moves (simple explanation) 41 On the motion of steam (detailed explanation) 55 Some hazards of steam 55 Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) 56 Column collapse water hammer 59 Sub-cooled condensate induced water hammer 61 Flash steam explosion 61 Overpressure in the distribution system 61 Overpressure (inside a pressure vessel) 62 63 Steam hammer 63 Temperature 64 Vacuum draw 65 Waterlogging 67 Boiler operation 67 The boiler operator 68 The manager 69 The role of technology in the modern boiler house 73
PAGE – 6 ============
Endress+Hauser ΠSteam Handbook 473 Indirect method 80 Direct or fuel-to-steam 87 Boiler management and control 87 Typical instrumentation for boiler management90 Contamination of condensate 90 Boiler level controls 90 Hotwell temperature 91 Hotwell level 91 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 93 The European boiler market 94 Regulatory structure 95 Market structure 101 Appendix 101 Nomenclature 104 Dimensionless numbers 105 List of abbreviations 106 Glossary 115 Bibliography 117 Index
PAGE – 9 ============
7A short history of boiler designsShell and tube-saturated steam boilers of the current packaged form have been manufactured since before the second world war, and their lineage may be traced directly back to the Cornish boilers of the early nineteenth century, invented by the British inventor and mining engineer Richard Early steam boilers such as the wagon, the haystack and the egg-ended boiler that if he utilized the power developed from high pressure steam or strong steam as Figure 1: Richard Trevithick (1771Œ1833). British inventor and mining engineer.
PAGE – 10 ============
Endress+Hauser ΠSteam Handbook 8 Рand a single large diameter convective pass mounted inside a cylindrical iron pres РThe Cornish boiler as it came to be known was standardized for larger, stationary boilers in the following arrangement: a single furnace mounted inside the pressure vessel with the hot gases then passing through side mounted external brick-lined Lancashire boiler (Figure 2) Рof water to be maintained over the furnaces thus reducing the risk of a low water Figure 2: Boiler house with three Lancashire boilers (second half 19th century). Source: Heritage group of the CIBSE (www.hevac-heritage.org).
PAGE – 11 ============
9In 1858 the Manchester Steam Users Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions was formed to inspect operational boilers, investigate the causes of ex – introduced the concept of insurance to the industry: In the event of the explosion of an approved boiler Œ for whatever reason Œ £300 would be paid to its owner (Fair – became apparent that legislation of some form was required in order to force own – That some form of legislation was required was evident as catastrophic boiler fail -ure and consequent loss of life and production was an everyday feature of steam -ond reading of the Boiler Explosions Bill 1882 reported that fi one boiler explosion occurred every week, and one person was killed, and two injured, more or less, by a boiler explosion every four days.fl The success of the Manchester Steam Users Association prompted the formation of -duced regulations concerning steam boilers, this system of inspection and insurance Simultaneously, various learned societies such as the American Society of Mechani -cal Engineers (ASME) – Society of German Engineers in 1874, discussed inter alia the hypothesis that water decomposed into The work of these societies led to the introduction of standards for the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code By the end of the nineteenth century, the Lancashire and -aged boiler concept was imported to the United Kingdom from the United States of coal) from the 1950s onward and supplemented, in turn, by natural gas from the
249 KB – 124 Pages